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Healthy city
Healthy city is a term used in public health and urban design to stress the impact of policy on human health. Its modern form derives from a World Health Organization (WHO) initiative on Healthy Cities and Villages in 1986, but has a history dating back to the mid 19th century.〔Niyi Awofeso. ( The Healthy Cities approach — reflections on a framework for improving global health. ) ''Bull World Health Organ'' 2003; 81(3).〕 The term was developed in conjunction with the European Union, but rapidly became international as a way of establishing healthy public policy at the local level through health promotion.〔O'Neill M, Simard P. (Choosing indicators to evaluate Healthy Cities projects: a political task? ) ''Health Promotion International'' 2006; 21(2): 145-152.〕 It emphasises the multi-dimensionality of health as laid out in WHO's constitution and, more recently, the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion.〔World Health Organization.(Healthy Cities and urban governance. ) Copenhagen: WHO Europe.〕 An alternative term is Healthy Communities, or ''Municipios saludables'' in parts of Latin America.
==Approaches==
Many jurisdictions which have healthy community programmes and cities can apply to become a WHO-designated "Healthy City". WHO defines the Healthy City as:〔World Health Organization. (Health Promotion Glossary 1998. )〕
"one that is continually creating and improving those physical and social environments and expanding those community resources which enable
people to mutually support each other in performing all the functions of life and in developing to their maximum potential."
Measuring the indices required, establishing standards and determining the impact of each component on health is difficult. In some regions such as Europe, a health impact assessment is a required piece of public policy development.〔WHO Europe. (Health impact assessment methods and strategies. )〕〔Erica Ison. ( The introduction of health impact assessment in the WHO European Healthy Cities Network. ) ''Health Promotion International'' 2009; 24(Supplement 1):i64-i71.〕
There are many networks of healthy cities, including in Europe〔WHO Europe. (WHO European Healthy Cities Network. )〕 and internationally, such as the Alliance for Healthy Cities. A key feature is ensuring that the social determinants of health are taken into consideration in urban design and urban governance. For example, "urbanization and health" was the theme of the 2010 World Health Day.〔World Health Organization.(World Health Day 2010. )〕 One tool in developing healthy cities is social entrepreneurship.〔Evelyne de Leeuw. ( Healthy Cities: urban social entrepreneurship for health. ) ''Health Promotion International'' 1999; 14(3): 261-270.〕
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